types of body movements | Anatomy and Physiology I (2023)

Articular joints allow the body great freedom of movement. All movement in an articular joint is a result of the contraction or relaxation of the muscles attached to the bones on either side of the joint. The type of movement that can be generated in an articular joint is determined by its structural type. While the ball and socket joint provides the greatest range of motion at a single joint, in other parts of the body multiple joints can work together to create a specific movement. In general, each type of joint is necessary to give the body its great flexibility and mobility. There are many types of motion that can occur at the articular joints (Table 1). Movement types are generally paired, with one opposing the other. Body movements are always described in relation to the anatomical position of the body: standing position, with the upper limbs at the sides of the body and the palms facing forward.

flexion and extension

CURLInrenewalare movements made in the sagittal plane and include forward or backward movements of the body or limbs. In the spine, flexion (anterior bending) is a forward (forward) bending of the neck or body, while extension is a backward movement, such as extending from a bend or bending backwards.lateral bendingis the bending of the neck or body to the right or to the left. These movements of the spine include both the synovial joint formed by each disc and the planoarticular joint formed between the inferior articular processes of one vertebra and the superior articular processes of the next lower vertebra.

At the extremity, flexion decreases the angle between the bones (joint flexion), while extension increases the angle and lengthens the joint. For the upper extremity, all forward movements are flexions and all backward movements are extensions. These include the anterior-posterior movements of the arm at the shoulder, the forearm at the elbow, the hand at the wrist, and the fingers at the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints. Thumb extension moves the thumb away from the palm, flush with the palm, while thumb flexion moves the thumb back to the index finger or palm. These movements are made at the first carpometacarpal joint. In the lower extremity, forward and upward movement of the thigh is flexion of the hip joint, while any backward movement of the thigh is extension. Note that thigh extension beyond the anatomical (upright) position is severely limited by the ligaments that support the hip joint. Knee flexion bends the knee to bring the leg toward the hamstrings and extension bends the knee. Flexion and extension movements are seen at the hinges, condyles, saddle joints, and ball joints of the extremities (see Figure 1).

Overextensionis the abnormal or excessive extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion, resulting in injury. Also,Hyperflexionis the excessive bending of a joint. Overextension injuries often occur in joints such as the knee or elbow. In a "whiplash" condition, in which the head suddenly moves backward and then forward, the patient may hyperextend or hyperflex the cervical spine.

Abduction, adduction and circumduction

Abduction and adduction are movements of the limb, hand, fingers or feet in the coronal (medio-lateral) plane of motion. Moving the limb or arm laterally away from the body or spreading the fingers or toes is called abduction. Adduction brings the limb or hand toward or along the midline of the body or brings the fingers or toes together. Ambulation is the circular movement of the limbs, hands or fingers using the sequential combination of flexion, adduction, extension and abduction movements.

Adduction, abduction, and rotation occur at the shoulder, hip, wrist, metatarsophalangeal, and metatarsophalangeal joints.

Abduction and Abduction

abductionInIntroductionMovements occur in the coronal plane and include medial-lateral movements of the limbs, fingers, toes, or thumb. Abduction moves the limb laterally away from the midline of the body, while adduction is the opposite movement that brings the limb towards the body or along the midline. For example, abduction involves raising the arm at the shoulder joint and moving it laterally away from the body, while adduction involves raising the arm to the side away from the body. Similarly, wrist abduction and adduction move the hand away from or toward the midline of the body. Spreading the fingers or toes is also abduction, while bringing the fingers or toes together is adduction. For the thumb, abduction is the forward movement that brings the thumb to a 90° vertical position and points straight out of the palm. Adduction brings the thumb back to its anatomical position next to the index finger. Abduction and adduction movements are observed in condylar, sella, and fetlock joints (see Figure 2).

bypass

bypassis the circular motion of a body region where one end of the moving body region remains relatively still while the other end describes a circle. This is the sequential combination of flexion, adduction, extension and abduction at a joint. This type of motion occurs in biaxial condyle and saddle joints, as well as multiaxial ball and socket joints (see Figure 2).

rotation

rotationit can occur in the spine, a pivot joint, or a ball and socket joint. Neck or body rotation is the rotational movement created by the sum of small rotational movements between adjacent vertebrae. In a pivot joint, one bone rotates relative to another bone. Because it is a uniaxial joint, rotation is the only motion allowed in a revolute joint. For example, in the atlantoaxial joint, the first cervical (C1) vertebra (atlas) rotates around the sockets, the upward projection of the second cervical (C2) vertebra (axis). This allows your head to turn from side to side, similar to shaking your head to say "no". The proximal radioulnar joint is an articulated joint consisting of the radial head and its attachment to the ulna. This joint allows longitudinal rotation of the rod during pronation and supination movements of the forearm.

Rotation can also occur in the ball joints of the shoulders and hips. This occurs when the bones of the humerus and thigh rotate about their long axis, moving the front surface of the arm or thigh towards or away from the midline of the body. Movement is the movement that brings the front surface of the limb to the midline of the bodymedial (internal) rotation. Conversely, tip rotation is such that the anterior surface moves away from the midlinelateral (external) rotation(see Figure 3). It is important to distinguish between internal and lateral rotation, which can only occur in multiaxial shoulder and hip joints, and rotation, which can occur in biaxial or multiaxial joints.

Turning the head from side to side or turning the body is turning. Internal and lateral rotation of the upper limb at the shoulder or lower limb at the hip rotates the anterior surface of the limb toward the midline of the body (medial or internal rotation) or away from the midline (lateral or external rotation).

supination and pronation

Supination and pronation are movements of the forearm. In the anatomical position, the upper extremity is held with the palm forward next to the body. this is itPlace of suspicionof the forearm. In this position, the radius and ulna are parallel to each other. When the palm is facing back, the forearm is atVIP class, and the radius and length form an X shape.

Supine and pronate are the movements of the forearm that occur between these two positions.Pronationis the movement that moves the forearm from the supine (anatomical) position to the prone (palm) position. This movement is caused by rotation of the radius at the proximal radioulnar joint accompanied by movement of the radius at the distal radioulnar joint. The proximal radioulnar joint is a rotator joint that allows rotation of the radial head. Because of the slight curvature of the radius axis, this rotation causes the distal end of the radius to cross the distal ulna at the distal radioulnar joint. This incision brings the radius and ulna into an X-shaped position.Suspicionis the opposite movement in which rotation of the radius brings the bones back into their parallel position and moves the palm into the forward (supine) position. It's helpful to remember that slurping is the motion you use when you spoon out the soup (see Figure 4).

Dorsiflexia και Plantairflexia

Back flexibilityInplanairflexiehis movements at the ankle, which is a hinge joint. Lifting the forefoot so that the top of the foot moves toward the forefoot is dorsiflexion, while lifting the heel off the floor or pointing your toes down is plantarflexion. These are the only possible movements in the ankle (see Figure 4).

reversal and deflection

Inversion and rollover are complex movements involving the multiple planar joints between the tarsal bones of the hindfoot (metatarsal joints) and are therefore not movements that occur at the ankle.reversalis the rotation of the foot to tilt the lower part of the foot toward the midlineEversierotates the lower leg away from the center line. The leg has a greater range of inversion than eversion. These are important movements that help stabilize the foot when walking or running on uneven surfaces and help make quick side-to-side changes of direction in active sports such as basketball, racquetball, or soccer (see Figure 5).

extension and revocation

renewalInretreatare anterior-posterior movements of the scapula or mandible. Scapular deviation occurs when the shoulder moves forward, such as when pushing something or throwing a ball. Retraction is the opposite movement, in which the scapula is pulled back and medial towards the spine. In the mandible, deviation occurs when the mandible is pushed forward to lengthen the chin, while retraction pulls the mandible back. (See Figure 5.)

Depression and Elevation

DepressionInincreaseare downward and upward movements of the scapula or lower jaw. Raising the scapula and shoulder is raising, while lowering is lowering. These movements serve to raise your shoulders. Similarly, mandibular elevation is the upward movement of the lower jaw used to close the mouth or bite into something, and mandibular tilt is the downward movement used to cause the mouth to open (see Figure 6).

Journey

Excursion is the lateral movement of the lower jaw.bypassMoves the lower jaw to the right or left, away from the midline.media tripIt returns the lower jaw to the resting position in the midline.

over rotation and under rotation

Superior and inferior rotation are movements of the scapula and are determined by the direction of movement of the glenoid cavity. These movements involve a rotation of the scapula about a point below the scapula of the spine and are created by combinations of muscles acting on the scapula. During the daysuperior rotationThe glenoid cavity moves upwards while the medial edge of the scapula of the spine moves downwards. This is a very important movement that helps abduct the upper limbs. Without upward rotation of the scapula, the greater tuberosity of the humerus would impinge on the acromion of the scapula, preventing abduction of the arm beyond shoulder height. Therefore, to fully abduct the upper limb, upward rotation of the scapula is required. When carrying a heavy load by hand or on the shoulder, superior rotation without abduction of the arm is also used. You can feel this rotation when you lift a load, such as a heavy book bag, and carry it over one shoulder. To increase the load on the pocket, the shoulder is lifted while the scapula rotates upward.Lower rotationoccurs during adduction of the limb and involves the downward movement of the glenoid cavity with the upward movement of the medial edge of the scapula of the spine.

contrast and repositioning

Oppositionis the movement of the thumb that brings the tip of the thumb into contact with the tip of a finger. This movement is created at the first carpometacarpal joint, a saddle joint formed between the trapezius carpal bone and the first metacarpal bone. Thumb resistance is created by a combination of flexion and abduction of the thumb at this joint. This is called returning the thumb to its anatomical position next to the index fingerDisplacement(see Figure 6).